Download PDF The Power of Bad: How the Negativity Effect Rules Us and How We Can Rule It By Roy F. Baumeister
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Ebook About "The most important book at the borderland of psychology and politics that I have ever read."—Martin E. P. Seligman, Zellerbach Family Professor of Psychology at that University of Pennsylvania and author of Learned Optimism Why are we devastated by a word of criticism even when it’s mixed with lavish praise? Because our brains are wired to focus on the bad. This negativity effect explains things great and small: why countries blunder into disastrous wars, why couples divorce, why people flub job interviews, how schools fail students, why football coaches stupidly punt on fourth down. All day long, the power of bad governs people’s moods, drives marketing campaigns, and dominates news and politics. Eminent social scientist Roy F. Baumeister stumbled unexpectedly upon this fundamental aspect of human nature. To find out why financial losses mattered more to people than financial gains, Baumeister looked for situations in which good events made a bigger impact than bad ones. But his team couldn’t find any. Their research showed that bad is relentlessly stronger than good, and their paper has become one of the most-cited in the scientific literature. Our brain’s negativity bias makes evolutionary sense because it kept our ancestors alert to fatal dangers, but it distorts our perspective in today’s media environment. The steady barrage of bad news and crisismongering makes us feel helpless and leaves us needlessly fearful and angry. We ignore our many blessings, preferring to heed—and vote for—the voices telling us the world is going to hell. But once we recognize our negativity bias, the rational brain can overcome the power of bad when it’s harmful and employ that power when it’s beneficial. In fact, bad breaks and bad feelings create the most powerful incentives to become smarter and stronger. Properly understood, bad can be put to perfectly good use. As noted science journalist John Tierney and Baumeister show in this wide-ranging book, we can adopt proven strategies to avoid the pitfalls that doom relationships, careers, businesses, and nations. Instead of despairing at what’s wrong in your life and in the world, you can see how much is going right—and how to make it still better.Book The Power of Bad: How the Negativity Effect Rules Us and How We Can Rule It Review :
Roy Baumeister (a social psychologist, now associated with Queensland University in Australia) has been exploring the core theme of this book - negativity bias (bad things tend to overshadow good things in human lives) – for decades. In 2011, he and John Tierney (a contributing editor to City Journal and column writer for the New York Times) collaborated on a book named Willpower about how self-restraint (with a focus on dietary habits) can pay off. The Power of Bad takes an analogous approach to making the negativity bias work for us rather than against us in “the consumption of information.”There are many examples of the negativity bias in action. A negative incident at work or a thoughtless comment in a marital spat may be very difficult to live down. One flub in a job interview may be fatal, even though the rest of the interview went well. There is a perception of an escalating epidemic of gun violence, yet statistics show we’re more likely to be killed by bathroom slips and falls. People complain they can’t make ends meet, yet our society is enjoying unprecedented prosperity. A few negative on-line reviews for a hotel can cancel out the praise of other patrons. Football coaches could improve their chances if they rethought the strategy of routinely punting on 4th down. Unwarranted concerns about the intentions of other parties lead nations into disastrous wars that could have been honorably avoided. Etc.And there are good reasons for the negativity bias, in that our forbears were putting their lives at risk by failing to heed troubling signs that could warn of impending disaster. In the modern world, with our vastly improved technology, such genuinely existential threats are statistically less significant.So if the negativity bias contributes to unfortunate or at least sub-optimal results, what can be done about it? One answer is that things will eventually come back into balance if there is a preponderance of good results over bad, and research indicates a favorability ratio of two or three to one may suffice for that purpose (a “rule of four” is suggested to provide a margin of safety). That’s not to say a concern about failures is inappropriate, but we don’t want to be obsessed with them.The lapse of time can be helpful, because the human mind tends to soften bad memories in hindsight while accentuating the positive. Experience is a great teacher as well. If it’s not your “first rodeo,” you will probably be better able to put the risks and rewards in perspective.A special challenge is the “crisis crisis,” meaning apocalyptical theories – which typically involve a fear that favorable circumstances won’t last because we’re going to run out of something. Some examples: human population increase will outstrip our ability to grow food, leading to mass starvation (Thomas Malthus at the start of the Industrial Revolution, which ushered in an era of unprecedented prosperity) – peak oil (growing consumption of oil will outstrip our ability to find and develop petroleum reserves, resulting in a catastrophic run-up in prices and economic collapse) – manmade global warming (CO2 emissions from the burning will lead to a catastrophic increase in global temperatures).Such theories typically favor the interests of the proponents, but they may not prove helpful for society generally. “Because the Crisis Crisis is a collective-action problem, the typical individual has no incentive to debunk the doomsayers or resist the growth of power in Washington, while journalists and lobbyists and the rest of the crisis industry have every incentive to keep stoking fears. They can’t be expected to give up their jobs voluntarily.” But we could at least reward politicians when they speak rationally about risk, encourage analysts who put problems in perspective, and find ways to cut the profits of doomsaying.Snopes.com is praised for disproving many urban legends (personally, I don’t think the site is as impartial as it’s said to be); perhaps similar depositories could be established for prophecies of doom (easier said than done, apostates are not necessarily appreciated).When there’s supposedly a huge problem requiring immediate action to avoid catastrophe, consider appointing a commission to study the matter while the anxiety level subsides. More deliberate action – fewer mistakes.And please, no more of these terrorist memorials and nonstop publication of the terrorist actions that give the terrorists what they wanted, “eternal glory.”In my view, this book does a better job of documenting the power of bad than demonstrating how to make good win in the end. My overall rating is three stars. A book on negativity may not sound like fun, but the endorsements from Steven Pinker and P.J. O’Rourke persuaded me to give it a try, and I loved it. Insightful, fascinating and funny (in parts). The authors clearly lay out not only the corrosive effects of negativity bias— and how it crept into human evolution— but they also offer guidelines to avoid falling victim to its spell in your own life and in institutions. This is an excellent behavioral roadmap for the coming year, and beyond. 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